confinement, can play a pivotal role in diffusing or scattering high-energy electrons before they escalate into damaging avalanches during disruptions.
The research team developed a theory to explain the circularity of these interactions, and their results aligned closely with experiments conducted at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, a tokamak operated by General Atomics for the Department of Energy .at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. These thermal quenches trigger avalanches of runaway electrons, akin to landslides triggered by earthquakes. Controlling these disruptions has been a formidable challenge for the success of tokamaks, as Chang Liu aptly pointed out.
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