Here’s how much climate change increases the odds of brutally hot summers

The recent, record-breaking heat waves that have scorched the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, China and southern Europe were madedue to human-caused climate change, researchers report July 25 in a study from the World Weather Attribution network.

“This is absolutely not a surprise,” climate scientist Friederike Otto of Imperial College London said at a July 24 news briefing. But “while the weather is changing as expected, how much it hurts us is larger than expected.” These intense and at times deadly heat waves are occurring as high-pressure systems stall across the Northern Hemisphere, creatingOtto and her colleagues used computers to simulate Earth’s climate, with and without human-caused climate change, to assess how likely the recent heat waves would have been under different climate conditions.

In a world without climate change, they found, the recent extreme heat in China would be expected roughly once every 250 years. Now, it’s a once-in-five-years phenomenon, or 50 times more likely to occur. Meanwhile the extreme heat waves in southern Europe and North America, which would have been virtually impossible without climate change, are now likely to occur once every 10 years and 15 years, respectively.

Should climate warming reach 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, these events could occur every two to five years, the simulations showed. We’ve already warmed by

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