From Western Expansion To Climate Change: An Abbreviated History Of Water

and subsequent writings, explorer and scientist John Wesley Powell called for a science-based approach to effective management of agricultural land and freshwater resources in the center of the United States. Powell, who became the second director of the U.S. Geological Survey in 1881, identified the 100th meridian as a line of demarcation between the humid eastern side of the country and the arid west.

Powell’s guidance was not substantively integrated into policy decisions, and we are reaping the consequences 150 years later. Boundaries were drawn, water rights were negotiated and land use practices have been driven by many forces, but rarely science. How lands and waters are managed is, broadly speaking, inadequately coordinated.

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