In its expert advice, the court ruled countries had an obligation to mitigate the effect of carbon dioxide on the world's oceans.
But it does not spell out carbon emissions as a specific pollutant, and the plaintiffs had argued that these emissions should qualify.The case was brought in September by nine small countries disproportionately affected by climate change, including Antigua and Barbuda, Vanuatu and Tuvalu. The prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda, Gaston Browne, said small island nations were "fighting for their survival".
"For the first time, an international court has recognised that the fates of two global commons — the oceans and the atmosphere — are intertwined and imperilled by the climate crisis," Ms Chowdhury said.
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